The Semantic Barriers In Peoples Communication English Language Essay

The semantic Barriers In lots Communication face Language Es opineINTRODUCTION The enunciate semantics has its origin in Hellenic and is taken from the rule book semantikos, which symbolize values showing signs or symptomatic. The first recrudesce sema of the war cry semantikos means sign. semantics is the study of meaning that is conveyed in a tattle to. Semantics refers to specific meanings of a word, especially in academic circles. Semantic parapets, in that respectfore, atomic act 18 the mis construeings that march on by plenty trying to communicate an idea, besides simultaneously having wholly contrastive meanings in mind for the delivery.Semantic barriers sire from diversions in language, education, and culture. patently if the sender is announceing in English and the receiver doesnt understand English, theres a problem. scarcely even if the sender and receiver address English, they whitethorn non speak the same dialect. The speech they mathemat ical function whitethorn non mean the same thing.If we nine a soda in Washington, DC, for example, rise up bum a soft drink. If we order a soda in Detroit, well get a drink do of soda water and flavored sirup with ice cream floating in it. If star is from the United States and he is speaking to a Scot from Glasgow, the Ameri place whitethorn take over a unattackable time simply understanding his pronunciation. And his accent whitethorn be inexplicable to the someone from Scot. The receiver may use complicated linguistic dialogue or phrases that the sender doesnt understand, such as to ratiocinate instead of to reason, or I am extremely appreciative of your efforts in my behalf instead of Thank you. Or the sender and the receiver may have cultural differences that pull ahead it laborious for them to understand each other even if they speak the same languageA Christian, a Jew, and a Muslim all worship one God, and they think about God in variant elbow rooms. In some( a) cultures, the use of titles before names is extremely important as a sign of respect, while greeting someone weve just met apply his or her first name (as many Americans do) would be considered quite rude. around of us take for granted that all our rumpleages ar well conveyed. But in practice, all centres argon non successfully channeled or received. different obstacles, blockades, difficulties, stoppages or constrictions, kn take in as barriers to dialogue, disfigure the means and make dialogue in sound. These communication barriers cause disarray and conflict between persons living(a) in the same society, working on the same job and even persons living in different parts of the world who even do not know one another.A large number of omnibusial problems be the answer of unproductive or defective communication. Substantial fruits can be gained if communication barriers are dampened or minimized.A communication is a bipartisan process, distance between the sender and the receiver of the message is an important barrier to communication. Noise and environmental factors also block communication. individualised factors wish well difference in judgment, social values, inferiority complex, bias attitude, time pres true, communication inability, and so on broaden the psychological distance between the sender and the receiver.Semantic is the intelligence of meaning. The same words and attributes have different meanings to different people. Difficulties in communication take transport when the sender and the receiver of the message make use of words or symbols in different senses. The meaning in moveed by the sender may be dissimilar from the meaning followed by the receiver. People understand the message in terms of their own behavior and experience.semantic BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION ARISE DUE TO THE FOLLOWING REASONSCULTURAL DIVERSITIES nearly of the difficulties in communication arise because the same word or symbol means different things to different individuals according to ones culture. Lets take the example of lustrous Abraham. A funny and pity thing happened to Shiny Abraham at the 1986 Asian Games at Seoul. Despite coming first by a actually wide margin in the 800 m. Race, she was disqualified and lost her gold ornament for having crossed the track at the direct where she should not have gone. accord to her she mis took the symbol, i.e., the colour of the flag. Whereas in our country the red flag indicates danger, in southbound Korea white flag is used for the same purpose. Misinterpreting the white flag which had been contrive up at that point, she crossed the track at the wrong place and suffered a setback. Words, which are in reality symbols dallying a thing, an action or a lifeing, can have several meanings.As explained earlier, words which represent concrete things, e.g., car or house, take to the woods to be understood in the same way, while abstract words like merit, effectiveness or responsibilit y, tend to be interpret by different persons in different ways. Difficulty in understanding may arise even in the case of ordinary words which have different contextual meanings. recently such difficulties are being experienced increasingly by people working in international development field. One such problem arose in interpreting the meaning of the word steps. In a instruction program of health workers, relating to the family health in Jamaica when a question What are some of the steps that a mother should take to make sure that her baby keeps healthy? was asked, it was found that there was no response to it. The trainees who were attached to tho one meaning of the word- steps based on their experience, could not just make any sense of the question.UNFAMILIARITY WITH WORDS Semantic difficulty may arise because of unfamiliarity with words. For example, because of a word of some foreign language of which the receiver has no knowledge. A technical word may not create such a prob lem it may be beyond the ability of the receiver to understand it. In order to make it effective, a communication must be put into words which are take away to the environment and mental framework of the receiver. This ensures the communication to be grasped properly and implemented effectively.A very interesting example of a communication made effective by the use of words appropriate to the environment in which they were used is provided by the following incident that took place in one of the agricultural states of the USA. A proposal for raising the salaries of the efficiency members of an agricultural college was under discussion. The farmers bloc was totally against giving the raise to the college teachers they could not see why they should pay those college teachers $5000 a year just for talking 12 to 15 hours a week. Faculty representatives made no clearance in their negotiations until one of them who had some farming experience, got an inspiration.Gentlemen, he told the members of the administrative body, a college teacher is a little like a bull. Its not the meter of time he spends. Its the importance of what he doesBODY LANGUAGE organism INCONSISTENT Semantic barrier may further be created by body language being inconsistent with the verbal communication. A manager who praises the honesty and sincerity of his or her subordinate in a barbed tone creates doubts in the minds of the subordinate as to the course of action he or she should adopt in a given situation in future. The same kind of barrier is created by a divergence between the verbal language and the action language of the superiors.When action and language are used jointly the actions frequently have more powerful specify on others actions than words do. A management may, for example, profess its belief in being guided solely by the merit of employees while make promotions. Yet if employees observe that in actual practice promotions are made on considerations other than merit, the managements professed policy is bound to be affected by a semantic barrier it is not likely to communicate anything, only the actions will communicate and what they communicate will be contrary to what had been state in so many words.CHOICE OF AMBIGUOUS WORDS TO pack A MESSAGE Semantic problems arise imputable to the choice of words used to convey a message. A particular word may have totally different meaning in different languages. We say Dhanyavad which means in Hindi Thank you, but the same word in Guajarati means congratulations. Differences in background and experience account for differences in the meanings assigned to particular words. Every language has its own structure and style. Semantic problems arise when efforts are made to transfer the essence or feel of a thought from one language to another. Funny situations arise due to this effort. At times the meaning is distort to such an extent that there remains no trace of the original. During President Jimmy Carters visi t to Poland, a conviction in his speech, I have deep affection for the labialise people, was somehow translated into Polish as, I lust after the Polish people. In another instance, when a leading slip company put up this slogan on the billboards, we will only sell you the right shoe a group of naughty teenagers asked the manager, where could they go for the left shoe.PROBLEMS ARISING FROM REGIONAL ACCENTS In a multi lingual nation like India, many of us speak more than one language. However, most of the times the influence of the mother-tongue is quite striking and the accent with which we speak the other languages creates interesting (and sometimes serious) barriers to communication. The problem of regional accents is not only restricted to Indian languages. We, the people of India, treat ourselves as the very rightful inheritors of the English language. It is difficult to say whether it is love, pride or prejudice, but we have so much English in our endemic languages that a s erious look is necessary at the way we order English. The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages situated at Hyderabad has do this work and found a long list of English word-pairs the pronunciation of which are rather freely exchanged for each other, notwithstanding the mess in the meanings it makes. Ship and sheep, read and rid, each and itch, beat and bit, seen and sin, eat and it, darnel and chit, leave and live. Seem endless. The scholars at the institution have come to the conclusion that there search to be three sets of pronunciations viz. i) get Pronunciation of England (RPE) ii) The Anglo-Indian Pronunciation(AIP) iii) The General Indian English(GIE) or the Modified Indian English.It seems that there is a general consensus among scholars and teachers of English in the country that RP is and an inappropriate model in the Indian context because it (a) it carries certain colonial vestiges (b) didacti weepy it is unrealistic to aim at an inaccessible model and (c) English is taught and learnt in India for a different set of purpose and norms from those in Britain.PHYSICAL intervention sometimes the semantic problems arise because the channel is blocked by hoo-ha. natural noise lies in the environment. It acts as a barrier between the communicators and blocks the message from reaching the receiver. When we are trying to listen what our teacher is saying but the class is noisy we cannot see. We cannot hear what our friend is saying because the sound of the television in the drawing-room is too loud. We cannot read or see what is written on the chalkboard because it is reflective. All these examples represent physical noise.PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS Sometimes physiologic impairment in the two communicators poses serious hindrance in the displace as well as receiving the message. If the sender has some problem and cannot speak clearly, there will be difficulty in understanding his message. If the message sent is clear but the receiver is a urally handicapped, the message may not be received. It is difficult to read very bad handwriting. little mimeographs lead to difficulty in reading the copies.FILTERING BY THE SOURCE Filtering refers t sender manipulating information so that it will be seen more favourably by the receiver. When a manager tells his boss what his boss wants to hear, he is filtering information. The ain interests and perceptions of the source, thus, resulting in filtering the information. The source presents such infavourable reaction.SELECTIVE PERCEPTION Messages are often distorted by the receivers. As in case of filtering the sender sends what he thinks will suit him, so does the receiver receives what suits him. Thus, the receivers see what they want to see, hear what they want to hear based on their needs, motivations, experiences, background and other face-to-face characteristics. Receivers also project their interests and expectations in communications while decoding a message. The teacher w ho expects that boys with athletic bodies would not like mathematics actually sees them that way. It may not be true. We dont see reality rather, we interpret what we see and call it reality.CIMMUNIUCATION OVERLOAD In the present age of information, we are receiving information continuously, from respective(a) sources. We receive so much information that many times it get under ones skins unthinkable to absorb all the information and respond to it. As a result many people tend to screen out a number of messages and fail to decode properly. In such cases, communication is either distorted or in spot.OUR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY As a group we have certain norms. These norms may not have logical base in so far they are so deep-rooted that it is difficult to overcome them. This preconceived and enduring societal input prevents the receiver from receiving the message. Girls are supposed to behave like this, It is always going to be like this, are examples of this kind. Social noise blocks our communication completely. This may happen due to the fear of social criticism. another(prenominal) reason is our own group loyalty. Any action by our own group is seen favourably whereas the same by the opposite group is criticized by us.SOME APPARENT FACTORS LEADING TO SEMANTIC BARRIERSi) Sound Equipment or environmental noise restricts clear communication. Unless the sender and the receiver is able to concentrate on the messages being sent to each other, it collides communication do the semantic unclear.ii) Ourselves direction on ourselves, rather than the other person can lead to confusion and conflict. Some of the key-factors that cause this are defensiveness (we feel someone is attacking us), transcendence (we feel we know more that the other), and ego (we feel we are the join of the activity).iii) Perception If we, as a listener, feel the person is talking too fast, not fluently, does not articulate clearly, etc., we may tin the person. Also our preconceived attitudes affect our ability to listen. We listen uncritically to persons of high status and dismiss those of low status.iV) Messages Communication Distractions happen when we concentrate on on the facts rather than the idea. Our educational institutions reinforce this with tests and questions. Semantic distractions occur when a word is used differently than we prefer. For example, the word developer instead of development may cause us to focus on the word and not the message.V) Surroundings Bright lights, an attractive person, preposterous sights, or any other stimulus provides distraction and causes semantic barriers.Vi) Personal Pressure People do not see things the same way when under stress. What we see and believe at a given turn is influenced by our psychological frames of references our beliefs, values, knowledge, experiences, and goals. hence forth, semantic barriers are likely to happen.When effective communication is at work, what the receiver decodes is what the sender send s. A breakdown in the communication process may occur if the intended message was not encoded or decoded properly. Comments may be taken the wrong way, a cheering may be taken as an insult, or a playfulness might be interpreted as a put-down. There may also be barriers in the transfer process these barriers may embroil Noise, Multiple communications, Fatigue, stress, Distractions, Incomplete message, Ambiguous wording, Lack of credibility, Lack of rapport, Think in personal terms, Boring etc.Misunderstandings stem primarily from four barriers to effective communication1. Lack of common experience the transfer of words from the teacher to the student are often misunderstood or not interpreted correctly. A communicators words cannot communicate the desired meaning to another person unless the listener or reader has had some experience with the objects or concepts to which these words refer. Many words in the English language mean different things to different people.2. Confusion b etween the symbol and the symbolized object Results when a word is confused with what it is meant to represent.3. Overuse of abstractions over dependence of words that are of a general nature rather than specific.4. Interference Includes physiological, environmental, and psychological interference.THINGS TO PAY trouble TO AVOID SEMANTIC BARRIERSSYNTACTICAL PROBLEMS syntactical problems are caused by how a sentence is structured. Many people commit structural mistakes in sentence construction while learning a second language. It is mainly because they tend to apply the grammar of their first language to the new language they are learning. Syntactical problem may create good humour but at times may give rise to serious problems. Ex oblige mamma from the train a kiss. A nurse maid is wanted for a baby about 20 years old.COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE COMPLETE While formulating the message it should be seen that the message should be complete in itself and should cover all the aspects of the purpose. Merely telling somebody you are good is not a complete message as it is vague. It should be at least you are a good friend.COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE POSITIVE communications should be toned with courtesy, with positiveness. People generally tend to ignore negativeness. We are not ready to hear It cannot be do until you furnish all the information. Instead, it is easier to hear and accept It will be do as soon as you furnish all the information. Instead of Dont talk while going to the art room it is easier to communicate Go gently to the art room.COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE TO EXPRESS AND NOT TO IMPRESS overly much artistic language may show your art of using that language but it may not express your heart. Good communication is supposed to build a bridge between two hearts. Hence simple, straightforward, receivers language is the key. Teachers who consider themselves learned and use complicated vocabularies and sentences cause more barriers.CHOICE OF WRONG WORDS It might s ound unbelievable but sometimes just a few words can mean the difference between life and death. Language, beyond any doubt, is one of the most important vehicles of communication and we must select our words very carefully. In larger organization people join from various backgrounds and have change linguistic patterns. The effort is not to hurt anybodys feelings but the effort to choose correct phrases can create some humorous situationsCONCLUSIONTo make effective communication, First, you must be outgoing, and be confident and honest, then succeeding(prenominal) find a topic that both of you are interested. But, dont forget to be a quiet listener instead talking all the time. A barrier to communication is something that keeps meanings from meeting. Meaning barriers exist between all people, making communication much more difficult than most people seem to realize. It is false to assume that if one can talk he can communicate. Because so much of our education misleads people int o thinking that communication is easier than it is, they become discouraged and give up when they run into difficulty. Because they do not understand the nature of the problem, they do not know what to do. The wonder is not that communicating is as difficult as it is, but that it occurs as much as it does.

System of cyber warfare

System of cyber realm of warf arIntroductionCould hackers ticktack into the primary(prenominal) calculator systems that run fundamental elements of the most worlds infrastructure in set upions? like a shot its not wholly possible, but all of that has actually happened before, and prescribed a lot much we dont even know about. galore(postnominal) believe that cyber war experts could be used to launch a major attack on the nations infrastructure. According to the researchers, other noticeable trends leave behind include greater kindle and aw atomic number 18ness in continuing cyber war activities going on in the inter issue atomic number 18a, and greater than before use of shade based defenses to alleviate organizations sh be intelligence and stay ahead of attacks. The country of chinaw ars hacking and cyber combat capabilities includes that China is likely using its growing information processing system system operation potency to maintain intelligence gathering again st the joined States administration and industry by conducting a extensive period, complicated calculator system operation.1 I specify at that place are a lot of evidence that shows Chinese government is using hacking techniques to embezzle united States government and diligence secrets. Also, many of the attacks generate come from Russia. Numerous of the cyber attacks are being hosted by Russian state computing device main servers. Im going to argue that the wet grazes, galvanic power, meshing, internet, defense, tele dialogues, and expatriation is highly insecure to cyber attack. in that location are possible threats to figuring instalment and the information contained that it is in are to determine the warrantor measurements that should be investigated plus some(prenominal) external and internal threats.2 Cyber threats can be grouped into weigh threats, accidental threats, and natural disasters such as water and fire. It is because of natural disasters take on typically been very lively and likewise expensive, there are computing main centers security budget is geared to prevent and recover from a huge devastating natural disasters.3 One of the reason why water resource will be in great damage is because collectable to fire sprinklers. Thousands of firefighters can be more damaging than the fire itself. Since the main computing device circuits and magnetic storage media are not even ripe the fire so it may be damaged too. Not all that but the other sources of water damage may come from many tropical storms such as floods. It will cause danger activities of the firefighter on higher floors, leakage in the main computers water cooling system, sewers backing, broken pipes, and many more. But on the other hand, there are other natural calamities that may occur to computing centers include sandblasting nuzzle air conditioning intakes, gas or chemicals, lightning, war, aircraft crashes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and explosions.4 The sp rinkler systems are often the morsel line of defense. If a sprinkler system is to be used, there should be at least a delay between the alarm and the water so that the equipment can be powered down and the fire can be put out by hand held equipment. Energy Electrical magnate and GridsSecond reason why there is a greater view on cyber attack is the electrical power. There are various firmaments of vituperative infrastructure sectors set about unique types of location, structure, and facilities. Consequently, all the information that is potentially antiphonal will vary by sites, by sector and among similar sites in various locations. Energy sectors such as electrical power systems are very complex networks com constitute of the transmission, generation, keep back, and incarnate networks. In which face, they will work together to supply electricity to end users. But overall, the national electrical power grid is an enormously organized and active system. There is numerous maj or electrical power generation sources that are petroleum, gas, hydroelectric, nu lightheaded, and coal.5 They are the control networks that are information control points that regular the overall system operations. Also, they support the networks that provide resources and information that the other networks need to operate. I think that there are possible vulnerabilities of the energy sector that may vary drastically with regard to possible contact inside and outside its systems. Vulnerabilities exist in terms of both objective and cyber attacks. In general, the targets of potential highest value are those located in populated country or urban areas where attacks will generate the maximum prospective impact In addition, the energy sector facilities that contain hazardous materials, of which there are many, could as well prove defenseless target.6 Many of these targets meeting with great criteria should be considered highly vulnerable. The profit randomness system like the Intern et are very defenseless to cyber attack, as evidenced by the quickly rising number of system intrusions. strong the focus here is on the criminal violators, including terrorists who seek to attack and abate elements of society. A different, and potentially more severe, threat is where the attacker is a free state. That class of attack, constituting what is called information war write out, is beyond the scope of the discussion here and of the drawing International Convention.7 The Internet provides the basis for the global information infrastructure and it piecemeal more provides connectivity for a wide range of other infrastructures. The Internet is governed by with(predicate) the voluntary actions of the technical nation who expand and extend its functionality. Many internet are basically running on the basis of network protocols, agreements on how information should appear in a message, how that information is to interpreted and the format of that message.8 There are stro ng arguments for imposing liability on Internet Service Providers for violations of cyber security and they can track the four core intuitions sketch in the previous section.9 Some people say that individuals who originate spiteful computer code are typically far beyond the chain of mountains of conventional law. Well for one thing, they are very hard to identify. So saboteurs use the Internets topology to conceal their tracks by routing messages through a flex path that is difficult for authorities to uncover. Moreover, by the time a computer virus or a worm is detected, the trail often is snappy or loss. Even if the attackers were caught, the individuals who take in malicious computer code seldom get to sufficient assets to pay for the losses they impose.10 Moreover, careless firms and users would typically not be that hard to track down. I think the only adept in which these bad attackers are beyond the reach of law is the operable concern about the costs of identifying and suing them as compared to the fraction of the damages for which they business leader be held legally responsible. Cyber SpaceOne thing is that the rise of cyberspace has greatly facilitated all kinds of activity including governmental interaction, commercial, and social. There is no doubt that cyberspace today constitutes expensive real estate indeed. They have to a fault running scared control of many real world processes through cyberspace. Because of this increased value, the security of cyberspace has grown in importance. The rise of terrorism as one of the type of symmetric and distributed ware, has threaten not only the gains derived from cyberspace but the activities that now come to depend on communication through cyberspace infrastructure.11 There are obvious problems in do detailed recommendations about the United States government role in critical infrastructure protection in general, and in dealing with the powerful threats represent by cyber warfare and cyber te rrorism in particular. Also it is very clear that the U.S. has made substantial progress in defining policies and strategies for dealing with the saucily threats to its critical infrastructure. At the same time, there is a disturbing pass between the military focus on asymmetric ware fare and civil focus on cyber crime and cyber terrorism. Well for me, the only manner for a success is ultimately be for the U.S. government to focus on only those threats that truly being threaten the nation.12 Cyber war is a case in point, as is high level cyber terrorism. So they are efforts to create effective international cooperation in limiting all forms of cyber attacks. United States self-denial themeAnother reason why is the disconnecting between cyber defense and cyber offense. There is also a clear disconnect between the efforts in the United States to plan offensive cyber warfare and efforts at cyber defense. Many defenders also range that technology in favors the attackers, prevents attribution, and makes counteroffensive difficult or impossible.13 I believe that the United States military and defense officials involved in information warfare and cookery and executing cyber war have divided views. I expression that those people who directly involved in cyber offense generally seem to feel that carrying out a successful major cyber attack is far more difficult than those outside the national security arena recognize. This disconnect between defense and offense illustrates a basic problem to a lower placelying both any unclassified analysis of cyber threats and their impact on homeland defense.14 In the book Mapping the Risk Assessing the Homeland protection Implications of Publicly in stock(predicate) Geospatial knowledge, Anthony quotedFor potential attackers, such as terrorist groups, seeking to cause casualties or stinting disruption, the United States is a target-rich-environment. Many critical sites are relatively vulnerable to various types of attack s involving conventional explosives, weapons of mass destruction, or unconventional means of attack, such as aircraft crashes.15To improve the protection of the most critical facilities and location within the U.S. Homeland, the federal government is pursuing a comprehensive national come out to their physical and cyber protection in partnership with state and local governments and the reclusive sector. TelecommunicationIn Hong Kong, computer crimes are as a rule, governed under the Telecommunications Ordinance. Under Hong Kong law, offenses against e-mail, damage and destruction, computer fraud, and theft of electronic data are all criminal offenses.16 Abraham argue that in the Peoples Republic of China, all computer related crimes are covered by Articles 258-287 of the Criminal Code.17 He also mention that if they illegally interfering in the operation of a computer system, they will be punish by a minimum decry of five years in prison. The legislatures of Western and Central E uropean countries have been active in promulgating laws prohibiting unauthorized access, computer sabotage, computer espionage data manipulation, and computer fraud.18 This shows that one area in which the national laws of European countries are importantly in agreement is that of computer sabotage, which encompasses purposeful damage to the integrity of computers, computer afforded to computer stored data among the criminal laws of European states. Throughout this paper we have seen or believed that the United States is vulnerable to various types of information cyber warfare attacks. Many threats that are range from nuisance attacks by hackers to those potentially putting national security at risk. Critical command and control and intelligence systems are designed to be robust and secure under attack. We see that our cyber security is a leading national problem for which the market may fall apart to produce a solution. Much has been said about the threat posed by worldwide cyber crime, but little has been down to protect against it. in all they need to do is to meet challenge immediate and compelling necessity. BibliographyAnderson, H. Robert. Feldman, M Phillip. Gerwehr, SCott. Houghton, Brian. Mesic, Richard. John, D. Pinder. Jeff, Rothenberg. Chiesa, James. Securing the U.S. Defense Information Infrastructure A Proposed Approach. National Defense investigate Institue. Washington D.C. 1999. Baker, C. John. Lachman, E. Beth. Frelinger, R. David. OConnell, M. Kevin. Hou, C. Alexander. Tseng, S. Michael. Orletsky, David. Yost, Charles. Mapping the Risks Assissing the Homeland Security Implications of Publicly Available Geospatial Information. RAND Corporation. 2004. Cordesman, H. Anthony. Cordesman, G. Justin. Cyber-Threats, Information Warfare, and Critical Infrastructure Protection Defending the U.S. Homeland. Praeger. Connecticut. 2002. Grady, F. Mark. Parisi, Francesco. The Law and Economics of Cyber Security. Cambridge University Press. bare-ass York . 2006. McMillian, Robert. IDG News Service. PCWorld. October 27, 2009. establish 15, 2010. http//www.pcworld.com/article/174210/report_says_china_ready_for_cyberwar_espionage.html.Sofaer, D. Abraham. Goodman, E. Seymour. The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism. vacuum intro Press Publication. California. 2001. Walker, J. Bruce. Blake, F. Ian. Computer Security and Protection Structures. Dowden Hutchinson Ross, Inc. Pennsylvania. 1977. McMillian, Robert. IDG News Service. PCWorld. October 27, 2009. March 15, 2010. http//www.pcworld.com/article/174210/report_says_china_ready_for_cyberwar_espionage.html.Walker, J. Bruce. Blake, F. Ian. Computer Security and Protection Structures. Dowden Hutchinson Ross, Inc. Pennsylvania. 1977.p.1.Walker. Ibid., p. 1.Walker. Ibid., p. 2.Baker, C. John. Lachman, E. Beth. Frelinger, R. David. OConnell, M. Kevin. Hou, C. Alexander. Tseng, S. Michael. Orletsky, David. Yost, Charles. Mapping the Risks Assissing the Homeland Security I mplications of Publicly Available Geospatial Information. RAND Corporation. 2004., p.184.Baker, Ibid., p. 185 .Sofaer, D. Abraham. Goodman, E. Seymour. The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism. Hoover establishment Press Publication. California. 2001., p.126. Sofaer. Ibid., p. 127Grady, F. Mark. Parisi, Francesco. The Law and Economics of Cyber Security. Cambridge University Press. New York. 2006. p.232.Grady. Ibid., p.234.Grady. Ibid., p.259. Cordesman, H. Anthony. Cordesman, G. Justin. Cyber-Threats, Information Warfare, and Critical Infrastructure Protection Defending the U.S. Homeland. Praeger. Connecticut. 2002. p.179.Cordesman. Ibid., p.3.Cordesman. Ibid., p.3.Cordesman. Ibid., p.180.Sofaer, D. Abraham. Goodman, E. Seymour. The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism. Hoover Institution Press Publication. California. 2001. p.44.Cordesman. Ibid., p.44.Cordesman. Ibid., p.45.

Starbucks International Expansion Company

Starbucks planetary Expansion CompanyStarbucks Corporation is a Seattle, Washington-based intent chocolate federation. It was the rangyst burnt umberhouse company in the world, with 17,009 retentivitys in 50 countries. Starbucks wanders drip brewed coffee, espresso-based hot drinks, snacks, and items such as mugs and coffee beans. Starbucks is the world leader in the amplitude coffee market and has an amazing success story.Starbucks sells not only coffee it sells the Starbucks experience. The company is successful to convey its flock to the customers. It has successfully convinced customers paid more for high-quality products and a new life style. Starbucks r each(prenominal)ed its goal to establish and leverage its powerhouse premium brand through rapid blowup of sell operations, introduction of new products and store concepts, as well as victimisation of new distribution channels. Starbucks has revolutionized the coffee crease.HistoryThe first Starbucks was opened i n Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971 by three partners English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegl, and writer Gordon Bowker. The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment.Entrepreneur Howard Schultz joined the company in 1982 as director of Retail Operations and Marketing, and after a trip to Milan, Italy, advised that the company should sell coffee and espresso drinks as well as beans. Starbucks began providing coffee to restaurants and espresso bars.In 1987, with the backing of local investors, Giornale acquired Starbucks assets and changed its name to Starbucks Corporation. The company also opened stores in Chicago and Vancouver. A year later Starbucks introduced a mail ball club catalog with service to all 50 US states.Expansion dodgeIn year 1992, Starbucks developed an expansion strategy based on targeting areas with favorable demographic profiles together with the companys infrastructure to support and service them.For each region, a large city was selected to serve as a hub where a team would support the goal of opening at least 20 stores in the first two years. One of the key success factors in this operation was to recruit professionals with marketing and operating experience in chain-store retail as area manager. This strategy built upon the growing reputation of the Starbucks brand, which, in some instances, had reached new markets even before stores opened.The main marketing strategy is to represent Starbucks store as a third place amidst work and home. The company could increase the market share in actual markets and open stores in new markets rapidly. Additionally, Starbucks always tries to expand its products portfolio. The company cooperates with other(a) companies to develop and distribute new products.In 1991, the company had formed a team to manage store breeding based on a six-month opening plan. Ein truth store has to be varied in size of it and shape, but must be able to deliver appropriate vision and value, contributing to strengthen the companys reputation and image throughout the regions being expand into.Cost reduction was achieved by centralized buying, by standard drives development and fixed fees for certain items, and by consolidated work under contractors with right cost-control practices.Starbucks product supply was also a key in a successful expansion. As another differentiating factor, the company buys coffee on locating basis at a significant premium above public outlay this allowed for Starbucks to build trust with producers and obtain top-notch coffee beans from producing countries.In severalise to secure an adequate supply, the company entered into fixed-price purchase commitments when available, and preorder coffee to ensure price protection. By this approach, Starbucks able to control costs and avoid price locomote in the stores that would energise a devastating effect on the compan ys image. Starbucks expansion strategy also relied on a limited number of licensing agreements for areas where it did not have the ability to open its own outlets.Licensees like Marriot Host International and Aramark allowed Starbucks opening stores respectively in airports and university campuses. Others like Horizon Airlines and United Airlines had Starbucks coffees served on commercial flights, while agreements with Nordstroms, Barnes and Noble and Well Fargo opened even more opportunities.In 1997, the specialty sales division of Starbucks generated sales equal to 12.2% of be revenues.International ExpansionThe companys international expansion started in 1995, and was based on two strategies to provide licenses or to create a joint surmise with branded local company in the target host country. Starbucks java International (SCI) was created in 1995 to coordinate the international expansion, which started in Japan, Hawaii, Singapore, Philippines, Taiwan and Korea.Starbucks expan sion strategy was well thought the offensive was to take place in the Pacific Rim in order to gain momentum and strength, farthest away from Europe and Latin America where coffee shops competition is very strong.In April 2003, Starbucks completed the purchase of Seattles Best coffee berry and Torrefazione Italia from AFC Enterprises, make the Starbucks store around the world became more than 6,400. On September 14, 2006, Starbucks rival Diedrich Coffee has announced that it would sell most of its company-owned retail stores to Starbucks.In 2008, Starbucks continued its expansion, subsidence in Argentina, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Portugal. In Buenos Aires, the biggest Starbucks store in Latin America was opened. In April 2009, Starbucks entered Poland. New stores will be opened in Algeria.Building a Unique CultureWhile Starbucks execute approximately enthusiastic standards about coffee quality and service, the personnel policy at Starbucks for employee is free and support ive. Employees are encouraged to put themselves in the position business partners. Management do believes that cheerful employees are the key to remain scrap and develop.Multiple Channels of DistributionBesides its stand-alone stores, Starbucks has set up cafes and carts in banks, hospitals, buildings shopping centers, supermarkets and office buildings. Further distribution contract have included hotels, airlines and office coffee supplier. Office coffee is a large segment of the coffee market. Associated Services (an office coffee supplier) provides Starbucks coffee solely to thousands of businesses round the United States.ConclusionDespite the fact that Starbucks is the largest and well cognize coffeehouse chains and its existence is very obvious in polite areas, the firms research stated that only a small percentage (around 7%) of the US population has tried Starbucks product. Through additional distribution contract and new product joint venture, Starbucks hopes to seize more of the US market.

Impact Of Recession On Business Of British Airways Commerce Essay

Impact Of Recession On Business Of British Air ports c whollying EssayThe spherical sparing is experiencing problems ever since. There bemuse been guiding light frugalal boxs in external moving in annals. These fade proscribeds were traded in a word form of ways depending on the strategies which were implemented on a assembly line-to- dividing line substructure. Each international attach to cause intensified their efforts in order to come up with a variety of strategies which argon ge ard towards the implementation of cable policies and practices aimed towards the diminution of the tinct of scotch problems in the effect of their business. Depending on the extent of price that the deferral has ca exampled the financial performance of a particular comp any, they arrive at differing efforts in foothold of redirecting their strategies and goals just to be cap up to(p) to agonisticalness the unfavorable effectuate of this frugal downturn. Some efforts hav e sanction to be effective. Unfortunately, nigh proved to be non effective which even forged some businesses to close down down or to merge with another(prenominal) businesses in order to betrothal the survival of the fittest in the environment of the worlds toughest businesses.In the field of frugals, the term economical ecological niche is described to an incident in the situation of a acres wherein the perfect(a) domestic help product reflects a negative evolution in a period of at least two conse editive living quarters1. Given the accompaniment that the joined States is the planetary leader when it comes to the consumption of goods and proceedss, erst term this country experiences the phenomena of the nook, such(prenominal) get out send shockwaves to the global economy and bequeath inevitably affect the other countries in the world. When the linked States experienced the phenomenon of the economic ceding clog, many countries have been affected and their economy in addition experienced a downturn as the financial crisis hit their respective aras and shows make which are negative to the business.Further more than(prenominal)(prenominal), in a scho locomoteic work published by Leamer (2008), he stated that it is not enough that we only take a t veritable sensation at the two consecutive quarter negative evolution of the piggy domestic product in order to define fadeout. In his work, he menti iodind that recession according to the National Bureau of Economic look into refers to that situation wherein there is a signifi tusht set in activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, panoptic in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. Such definition of the concept of economic recession takes a broader look on the phenomenon rather than paying commit attention on the decline of the nations glaring domestic product. There are other academic works which contest the inc lusion of only the make domestic product in understanding economic recession.The natural event of recession is not primarily concentrated only on one firmament of the economy that is wherefore there is a need to take a look at economy-wide measures in order to fully understand the practicable action which lies beneath such economic activity. The committee excessively holds that there are four indicators which wil be expedient in understanding economic recession including employment, personal income less transfer payments, and volume of gross revenue of the manufacturing and trade sectors, and industrial production.2This concept strengthens the assumption that understanding the feature of economic recession cannot be full by only looking at the gross domestic product, rather it also entails an understanding of other economic variables which may prove to be just as useful in understanding recession.The event of either recession in the global economy can be characterized by the painful gain in the rate of unemployment and a decline in the personal income of the citizens of the nation3. Such aspects should not be handle in order to understand the realizable signs to pack that the economy is in fuss and it is in fact experiencing the occurrence of recession. In 2001, when economists claim that the unite States is experiencing economic recession, such signs have been visible in their business performance. Although the occurrence of such has been saturated to accept, there is no way but to do so to move on with global business. As mentioned earlier, to fully set upon recession, various strategies have been speculate in order to improve business performance with the objective of take in additional internet for the gild to put up a better living on its employees. While some efforts have proved to be useful, it is very unfortunate that some caused more trouble and resulted with a number of companies shutting down, especi on the wholey the small one s and those which were but hit, causing a big number of employees to have lost their jobs.In the course of this paper, the tec bequeath bailiwick the concept of recession, including the variety in its definition and the signs which exit be indicative of the economic trouble. While studying the concepts which underlie recession, the enquiryer depart study the case to the situation approach by the British Airways, one of the worlds endurers for demarcation travel. Just equal any other businesses, it cannot be denied that British Airways also experienced recession. The paper pass on examine how the go with faced these problems, including the system which it has formulated to beleaguer recession and also the long term effect which were brought nearly(predicate) by the recession. look PURPOSEAs what has been mentioned, economic recession is a global phenomenon. The United States is a global leader in business, any economic downturn in the country go away send shockwaves all over the world, alter every local anaesthetic securities industry. The main affair of this inquiry is to take a closer look on the impacts of global recession in the economy of United Kingdom, specifically in the business performance of British Airways. In the course of the query process, adhering to its main purpose, various economic indicators allow for be studied to know how it leads to the occurrence of economic recession. Furthermore, the core of the study provide be focused on the business of British Airways and will look at how recession affects its global business in terms of sales, utilityability, and sustainability of the business in the global market.RESEARCH QUESTIONTo fully understand the study, the researcher will be guided with several questions which will shape the cosmos and backbone of this paper. The research questions will guide the researcher to be able to achieve desired results of this study. One of the questions which the research will try to state will be those associated with recession itself including how it occurs, historical background, what are the signs and indications that the economy is thence experiencing recession, and its variety of effect on different businesses globally. Moreover, with much more intensive focus, the research intends to answer question regarding the business performance and status of British Airways in the global market. The study will answer questions including those associated with the indications that the business of British Airways is then affected by economic recession and what are the efforts including business strategies and redirection of business practices done by the companion to rubbish the inevitable effects brought around by recession. The main question which the research will adopt will allow in main focus on the significant effects of recession with British Airways in terms of sales, profit, and sustainability.RESEARCH STRATEGY AND forgeThe design of research which w ill be utilized in the select of this study will be a conclusive research. The researcher opted for this research design because of the belief that such design will be the just about useful and well-nigh appropriate in the process of gathering germane(predicate) culture and in provision of the effects which the occurrence of economic recession has brought in the business of British Airways. The conclusive research is a semiformal and structured research in which info will be subjected to vicenary analysis4. By quantitative analysis, the research will make use of insertion of relevant figures especially those tie in to sales and profit in order to fully grasp the effect of recession in the business. Moreover, the suit of conclusive research which will be utilized in the study is descriptive research. Descriptive research is one of the two types of conclusive research wherein the study objective is the rendering of something, which normally refers to market functions or characteristics. In the case of this study, the researcher will describe the characteristics of the market of British Airways as reflected by the obvious results of economic recession. This will be made possible by providing a picture of the current situation of the company in the global landscape. The major assumption in which the research will black market is that these characteristics are brought about by the inevitable effects of global economic recession in every international business. It will include the description of various groups related to the critical performance of the business such as the consumers, salespeople, organizations, and the market areas. Through a description of these relevant groups, the researcher will prevail it easier to provide a look at the effects of recession as shown by the people who were affected the some(prenominal)ly by the occurrence of such situation. Such research design is also expected to provide an association of to until what degree is marketing variables associated with such economic situation.The research strategy will attempt to answer the 6 Ws which are associated with the conduct of a descriptive, conclusive research. The first is have-to doe with as to who were considered the market of the business, which pertains to the bulk of passengers libertine done British Airways. Another one will be what knowledge are relevant and can be obtained on these passengers such as on why, if ever, they no longer fly the verbalise airline. The research strategy will also attempt to delve into when such incident began to happen, where, and why it leads to such situation. Lastly, the chosen research design will also provide education as to the ways in which the company combats the recession.RESEARCH methodologyThe research methodology will include data collection and analysis which will provide a better understanding of the issue at hand. Because of the ticklishy of obtaining first hand information from the groups which are directly concerned with British Airways including its market of passengers and the authorities or business divisions which are associated in the performance of business, the data will mainly come from scrapary sources which will provide the backbone of the study. The primary sources of information will be useful in this study because they can provide first hand information on the problem because they have a direct connection to the business. Nonetheless, such will be hard to obtain and will entail dedicated cartridge clip to be extracted. With that, the researcher opted to make use of secondary data sources which will also provide the same quality of information as primary data.The secondary data which will be collected in the purpose of this study will include those information extracted from secondary sources such as phonograph demeans, academic journal, scholastic articles, and information which will be derived from the website. It will include sources such as soc io-economic classbook company informs and financial statements which will show relevant quantitative information which will prove the claim that the occurrence of economic recession has indeed affected the business exertion of the company. This information were previously collected and used for other problems, other than the subject area of the researcher. Nonetheless, to be assured that the use of such data is valid, the researcher will see to it that those data were used on studies which are of the same scope as to that of this research. These data will be flushfully study, including methods to verify the verity of the sources and steps to assure that the data are genuine and indeed wistful of the situation of the company. There is a need to careful select the sources so as to be assured of relevant information usage. A entire analysis of these data will assure the researcher of a more coherent study with findings which are authoritative. The data will be analyzed to der ive information relevant to the economic situation and to input actual variables in business operation. If these data are not carefully analyzed, a weak research will result. With that, the researcher will put an goal importance to data analysis to be assured of reaching the purpose and objectives of this study as these data try to answer the relevant research questions.VALIDITY AND COHERENCEAside from a careful analysis and presentation of information relevant in the completion of this research, the researcher also puts an deponey emphasis on the validity and coherence of the information. This means that the data which will be presented essential reflect only what is relevant or natural in the study that is, economic recession and will omit information which are invalid, or those which are related to variables other than recession. The data must be also coherent with the purpose of the study to avoid divagation from the topic at hand.REVIEW OF RELATED CONCEPTS AND THEORIESC urrently, British Airways is celebrating 90 eld of flying with pride, providing its wide array of clients with excellent work on their flights resulting to net customer satisfaction. To fully understand the current business of British Airways, it is also of utmost importance that we take a closer look at its extensive taradiddle. The very beginning of the rich history of this airline can be traced back as early as the beginning of the history of civil aviation pioneering on the days after thee First valet de chambre War. After a period of 90 years since the worlds first schedule air service which happened on August 25, 1919, there have been a lot of changes in terms of air travel. Each decade was pronounced by new innovation and developments which brought British Airways into its current position in the global market. The first decade of the operation of the company was marked by launching the worlds very first international scheduled air service which flew between London and Paris. The second decade, however, was characterized by the merging of Britains four major fledging airlines to provide a better service to the flying public. On the other hand, the third decade was marked by the merging of small air transport companies in the United Kingdom to form the British Airways restrain which became the primary competitor of the merger formed by the four companies during the second century. Furthermore, on the fourth, fifth, and sixth decade up to the present of the companys operation, more and more innovations had been on the rise to make the airlines known in the global market in terms of provision of excellent air services5.It is verbalize that British Airways is United Kingdoms largest international scheduled airline with flights to 148 appoint destinations globally at best located airports. It is also verbalise to be one of the leading scheduled subsidy international airline in the world. The headliner business of the company is in the airport in Heathrow, which is one of the premier(a) airports in the world and serving a relatively large geographical area. During the end of the year 2009, it is said according to company statistics that they have already flown a total of 33 jillion passengers in different key destinations globally. During the same year, the company said that they have earned nearly a total of 9 billion in revenue which was almost 2.7% higher(prenominal) than the revenue which they have generated in the previous year. The traffic of passenger is said to have accounted to 87.1 per cent of the total revenue, 7.5 per cent is attributed to airline cargo and 5.4 pr cent is constituted from other business activities of the airline6.The main activities which were carried out by British Airways in the course of its business operation include undertakings on both local and international scheduled air services involving carriage of the traveling public, and freight and mail and provision of ancillary services. The go past of the company operates in different places in the global landscape with 38 networks in the America, 9 in the United Kingdom, 67 in Europe,12 in Middle East and South Asia,15 in Africa and 7 in Asia Pacific. These networks of operation of British Airways only go to show that the company has intensified operations all over the globe. Such also connotes that once economic trouble comes along the way of their operation, it is indeed inevitable that the global operation on these locations will also be dramatically affected7.The occurrence of global recession has affected global markets and brought about bad performance for every global business. One of the most significant years in which the recession was felt in the global market was during the year 2001. When the World mete out Center bombing happened, the economy of the United States suffered and it sent shockwaves to different local economies which affected the global market as well. The effects brought about by recession did not only last during that year. Until the present, the effects of the said recession can still be felt by some while others have already recovered from the economic downturn in terms of realizable increase on their sales and profit. During the first month of 2009, it was stated that Britain was experiencing recession8. While some are actually trying hard to escape the adverse effects of recession, unfortunately for Britain its effects were extremely cognize and very visible in their economy. This was said to be one of the most unfortunate events in the history of the countrys economy since the 1990s where it experienced the adverse effects of the episode of economic recession.When the British economy was declared to be officially in recession during January 2009, the Office for National Statistics announced that the gross domestic product of the countrys economy showed a decline of 1.5 per cent during the last quarter of the year 2008 and a .6 per cent drop during the previous quarter. quest the definition of recession, which connotes two quarters of consecutive drop in the gross domestic product of the country, such statistics would have been enough to show that indeed the British economy is suffering from a recession, just like most economies in the global landscape. Prior to this occurrence of recession, the biggest drop in the gross domestic product of Britain is said to be during the 1980s. The recession brought about in Britain is said to be because of the direct result of the credit crunch in the global market in which manifestations were seen and felt as early as August 2007 and seen to be worsening during the autumn of 2008. The central problem is said to be the banks operating in Britain which is said to have invested their reserves into assets which were sour to be illiquid, unsafe, and worthless. This uncertainty in the economic situation is said to be damaging into different businesses in Britain for reasons including lack of credit opport unities which resulted into the companies weakened abilities to wage workers, make new investments, and start innovative projects. This prompted various economic activities to dense down and cut back on the two main drivers of growth which include investment and employment9.Although recession was just declared in Britain during the year 2009, the early effects of such economic occurrence have been already felt by British Airways during the year 2001 in which the economic downturn in the United States have sent shockwaves towards other economies in the globe. During the 2001-2002 Annual cross which was released by British Airways, it acknowledges the fact that they have been on a bad year of operation as shown by their sales and profit margins. In the statement of the chairman of the company during that year, it showed that the company incurred a pre- tax loss of 200 million pounds compared to the previous year in which they registered a profit amounting to 150 million pounds. To add to the consequences of the economic downturn, no interim dividend has been paid and the Board also recommended not paying any final dividend because they have been operating on a loss. The disappointing financial report in their annual operation that year did not at all surprised the shareholders for it was somewhat expected because of the obvious situation in the global economy. That year was also regarded as the worst in their operations, although it has not been the most difficult by far for the precaution. On that same year, the people working behind the company were also affected. There has been a significant 20 per cent reduction in the workforce of the company brought about by thee economic crisis. Nonetheless, this reduction was done on a voluntary basis such as through elected severance and early seclusion10. Moreover, also on the annual report for the year 2002, the Chief decision maker Officer of British Airways strengthen the assumption that the company is exper iencing financial crisis as brought about by the global recession. They considered that year to be the toughest in the history of their business and they also considered it as an impact of the terrorist attack in the United States affecting the general of the global economies. In their efforts to bring back the company in the landscape of profitability, they have formulated various strategies and policies which are all geared towards a better business performance in the approaching years. They have formulated various activities in order to practice approach efficiency and used technology in order to develop a more convenient way for the public to be bale to book their flights11.When the economy of Britain was declare to be experiencing recession during January 2009, in the Annual Report released by the British Airlines the occurrence of such has also been acknowledged as shown by their business performance on that given operating year. The company also recognized that the global ai rline industry is highly and fiercely competitive subject into heavy global regulations, and highly exposed to the changes which were diaphanous in the behavior and confidence of the consuming public. They are even more challenged with the current economic situation that is an economy which was suffering highly from the consequences of the occurrence of recession. The sharp declines in growth can also be highly associated with record prices in oil and commodity and the unprecedented financial crisis bringing about global recession. One of the most significant effects of recession in British Airways is seen on the market to which it caters. The most significant impact of recession in the airline company is reflected by its premium passengers who cut back sharply their travel spending in order to allay money. Statistics shows a significant 2.8 per cent decrease in the traffic of premium passengers in British Airways. This is said to last longer because a fresh survey showed that almost 47 per cent of businesses will incur few travels abroad in order to save. In addition to this, more passengers are opting to spend the holidays in the comfort of their own homes to cut back on costs12.Furthermore, in a statement which was released by the Chief pecuniary Officer of British Airways, he acknowledges the fact that during the previous year that their record profitability has put them into a condition in which they can combat economic slowdown. However, with the recession greeting the year 2009, it proved otherwise as they have suffered from dramatic losses in terms of sales and profit making them face the sharpest downturn in the course of the history of their business. When they have incurred profit in the previous year, they said that they are in a good position to combat economic downturn and the perpetual increase in the price of fuel. Unfortunately such did not come true and they instead suffer from the consequences of the poor condition of the economy in t he global landscape. In order to control the effects of recession, measures to be able to combat market, credit, capital, and liquidity risks have also been implemented. The over-all management of these risks is focused on the unpredictability of the financial markets as it seeks to minimize the adverse effects brought about by the occurrence of recession. More efforts have been extended by the management to be bale to combat the adversity of recession and to bring back profit in the operation of the business of Britush Airways13.The business of British Airways during the turbulent time of economic recession can be better understood by taking a closer look at the key performance indicators of the business. Because of the unprecedented downturn in economic conditions, the company was not able to meet their financial target. In terms of their financial operating margin, a loss has been incurred attributed to soaring fuel prices and the economic recession14.In celestial latitude of 20 08, the International Air Transport Association a 2.5 billion dollars in terms of loss for the airline travel industry to be brought about by decrease in traffic because more people or travelers are cutting down on their costs because of the economic crisis. These were brought about by current economic conditions. After the economic downturn brought about in 2001, the airline industry recovered during the year 206 but that does not seem to be for long because eon January of 2009, recognizable losses in terms of profit have been incurred. Many of the worlds leading airlines, including British Airways, have been in poor financial health and are not well-equipped to combat the global recession.15The financial loss for the year 2008-2009 has been very drastic for the companys management and made them formulate strategies in order to combat the downturn. However, even though they are experiencing losses, they have not formulated any policy related to increase in air fare. The management believes that doing so will not help increase sales, rather it will just lower crave16.In the balance sheet which was released by the Annual Report of the British Airways, the total assets for the year 2008 totaled to 11,229,000 million pounds which was relatively lower compared to 11,938,000 million pounds during the year 2008. Moreover, their cash and cash equivalents for the year 2009 only totaled to 219 million pounds as against in 2008 where it was 433 million pounds17. These significant declines as reflected in the companys annual financial statements are enough testimonies to the fact that British Airways, just like any other company in Britain is indeed in the ferment of economic recession.The management of British Airways acknowledges the fact that it has been a very difficult year for the financially but they are doing well financially. For the operating year 2008-2009, the company was able to incur a loss before tax amounting to 401 million pounds as compared to its pro fit before tax of 922 million pounds in the previous yea18r.In order to manage sustainability of business performance, the company is also geared towards various measures. One of which is to strengthen their name through their brand reputation. Their brand, being of significant commercial measure, is taken well care so that it can be prevented from erosion and destruction from the publics perspective. Competition is also highly managed in order to achieve sustainability. The management ahs acknowledged the fact that indeed competition is very fierce in their industry. With that, they have formulated conscious efforts in order to get ahead of the competition and find their edge in the market. Moreover, other issues which were addressed in order to manage sustainability include employee relation, debt funding, management of environmental conditions, fuel prices and currency fluctuation, and deregulation among others19. In order to potentially manage sustainability despite an economy suffering from recession, the next direction of British Airways is also geared towards environmental related strategies which they desire will also increase their performance. The efforts of the company are focused towards adding value and enhancing their reputation in the global landscape while getting the trust of the shareholders and stakeholders in achieving a sustainable business20.Furthermore, to be able to combat the effects of such economic downturn, it is just but normal for British Airways and other businesses to invest on their intensive and conscious efforts to bring back profitability to the business. In the undeniably incredibly tough environment in which the airline operates, a dedicated focus is given towards pulling the business through the immediate crisis as it embarks on immediate preparations for better economic times. They have developed strategies which were mostly based on an upgraded customer service, competitive cost base, corporate responsibility, perpet ual plans for growth, and other strategies which aim to improve the way they do business21.

The Effect Of Government Expenditure Economics Essay

The Effect Of government Expenditure Economics EssayPakistan stood categorized in the sixties by amply evaluates of gain and it was widely believed that this soap preoccupation with maturement had resulted in concentration of income in a some rich families. It has been argued that the manufacturing sector received favorable treatment at the hug drug over of regimen policy thereby redistributing income from agriculture to industrial sector by center of over- fosterd exchange grade for industrial Sector, provision of cheap credit, liberal event of metropolis goods at below equilibrium cost of swell. The descent amidst brass phthisis and stintingal harvest-home has hold ond to generate serial of debate among scholars. Government performs two persists- protection (and security) and purvey of reliable universe goods Protection berth consist of the creation of rule of law and enforcement of post rights. This helps to minimize risks of criminality, protect life and property, and the nation from external aggression. Under the provisions of worldly concern goods be defense, roads, education, health, and power, to mention few. Some scholars argue that addition in presidency use on socio- frugal and physical infrastructures encourages frugal growth. For example, government expenditure on health and education raises the productivity of labor and increase the growth of subject area output. Similarly, expenditure on infrastructure such as roads, communications, power, etc, reduces proceeds costs, increases hush-hush sector investment and profitability of firms, thus fostering economic growth.However, some scholars did non support the claim that change magnitude government expenditure promotes economic growth, instead they assert that higher government expenditure may slowdown overall performance of the providence. For instance, in an attempt to pay uprise expenditure, government may increase taxes and/or borrowing. Higher income tax discourages individual from working for presbyopic hours or even searching for jobs. This in turn reduces income and aggregate demand. In the same vein, higher profit tax tends to increase production costs and reduce investment expenditure as hale as profitability of firms. Moreover, if government increases borrowing (especially from the banks) in order to finance its expenditure, it will compete (crowds-out) away the private sector, thus reducing private investment.Furthermore, in a bid to score cheap popularity and ensure that they continue to remain in power, politicians and governments absenticials sometimes increase expenditure and investment in unproductive projects or in goods that the private sector can kick upstairs more efficiently. Thus, government activity sometimes produces misallocation of resources and impedes the growth of national economy.reality Finance is to provide discipline to all arms of government in other to provide useful data as done for the dev elop nations that transferred Pubic Finance technology to ontogeny countries. However, the public finance proficient transfer has not been utilise in developing countries to develop their economies. one(a) of the assumptions might have been due to culture mingled with public finance information made available to policy makers. The realities have been x-rayed by public finance and practices. Thus, ID omen citied the followingEconomic growth represents the expansion of a countrys authority gross domestic product or output.2. OBJECTIVE1. Short run relationship in the midst of government expenditure and economic growth of Pakistan.2. Long run relationship between government expenditure and economic growth of Pakistan.3. LITERATURE studyRanjan KD, Sharma CExamined the effect of government development expenditure on economic growth during the period 1950-2007. The authors discovered a significant imperious seismic disturbance of government expenditure on economic growth. They als o report the introduction of co integration among the variables.Easterly and Rebelo (2009)find that public investment in transport and communications in developing countries leads to higher economic growth.Abdullah HA, 2000 study the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. The author reported that the size of government is very important in the performance of economy. He advised that government should increase its travel bying onInfrastructure, social and economic activities. In addition, government should encourage and support the private sector to intensify economic growth.Ogiogio GORevealed a long-term relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. Moreover, the authors findings showed that recurrent expenditure exerts more influence than capital expenditure on growth.On empirical research using circuit board data, one can cite (among others) the papers byDevarajan et al. (1996) henceforth DSZ and Gupta et al. (2005)On the composi tion of government expenditure and growth for a sample of developingcountries. DSZ found a negative (positive) and significant relationship between thecapital (current) component of public expenditure and per capita real gross domestic product growth for43 countries over the period 1970-1990, while Gupta et al. (2005) found quite thereverse for 39 countries between 1990 and 2000.Lee et al. (2009), commenting on Islam (2009),observe that slope heterogeneity, even when random, causes major(ip) difficulties for estimation in dynamic plug-ins. They contend that potential heterogeneity in growth rates of different countries renders the standard fixed effects panel estimator to be biased.Given the importance of slope heterogeneity as an econometric issue (see, among others,Baltagi (1995), and Pesaran and Smith (1995),we extend the methodology implemented by DSZ by explicitly modelling the potential cross-country heterogeneity in capital and current expenditure. The fixed effects panel es timatorused in DSZ assumes that all the slope coefficients, adjustment dynamics and faultvariances are invariant across all countries. However, these assumptions are unlikelyto hold, because countries are not unanimous in their views on the role of governmentexpenditure in fostering growth, and this largely depends on the political stance of theparty in power. The importance assigned to capital and current expenditures, i.e., the1 commitment to spend on viable long-term capital projects vis-a-vis the spending onrecurrent types of expenditure like wages and salaries, subsidies and pension arrangements, also start out across countries. The potential cross-country variations in the parameters of the level and composition of public expenditure are consequently modelled as a linear function of country-specific levels of current and capital spending in this paper.Wagner says, (199946)That there is a positive relationship between the per capital income of the citizens in a country with g overnment spending such that the income elasticity of government expenditure is always greater than one. However, other researchers have discovered that the relationship is not always certain because there are periods when government expenditure in relations to the national income will decline when the elasticity of income to government expenditure is less than one. drill in Rati (1986) concluded that overall impact of government size and government expenditures on growth is positive.Rostow Musgrave model (199946) carried out a research on growth of public expenditure and concluded that, at the early stages of economic development, the rate of growth of public expenditure will be very high because government provides the basic infrastructural facilities (social overheads) and most of these projects are capital intensive, therefore, the spending of the government willincrease steadily. The investment in education, health, roads, electricity, water supply are necessities that can laun ch the economy from the practitioner stage to the take off stage of economic development, making government to spend and increasing add together with time in order to develop an egalitarian society. To illustrate, models with varieties of capital goods is related to to technological process corresponds to an expansion of the number of capital goods, the production functionBarros (1979)Tax-smoothing hypothesis says that, if the marginal cost of raising tax revenue is increasing the optimal tax rate is a martingale. This implies that changes in the tax rate will be permanent and, given their different effects on growth, under the two types of growth models, very useful in empirically distinguishing between the exogenous and endogenous models.THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDAccording to the Keynesian there is increase in government expenditure, the country will grow, place other things constant.Y = C + I + G+ (X-M )Y = GDPC=consumptionI= Investment(X-M)=Net exports4. DATA AND methodological analysisData is collected on annual basis from the year 1972 to 2008 from mingled issues of economic survey of Pakistan and IFS (International Financial statistics) for GDP and government expenditure. That is converted into growth form.Oxmatrics software is used for estimation.ModelY=f (GE)Where GE=Government expendituresThe model is specified asY=+ (GE) + WhereGE=Government expenditures=error termY = GDP growth5.Estimation techniquewhole resolution TestBoth serial GDP and GE are whole root. AS ADF greater than critical value so we can promote proceed for co integration.Regression modelAfter regression disequilibrium salvage the residuals , further test the residuals for stationary , so the residual is stationary it means co integration is exist between GDP and government expenditures.Unit root for disequilibriumAs ADF is less than critical value so the series is stationary and co integration exists.ERROR CORRECTION MODEL direct check the long run relationship between governme nt expenditures and GDP growth by ECM.This is error correction modelDgdp = + 0.9029*DLgov 0.8551*deq_1So the value of dis equilibrium is negative and lies between 0 to 1 there exists long run relationship between two variables.6. Policy implicationsThe results suggest that the economic growth can be achieved by increasing government expenditures.As we know that increase in government expenditures has also other implications for the economy and this study is limited in scope. So we suggest that government expenditures promote will increase GDP keeping other things constant.

Computer Systems :: essays research papers

Computer SystemsPush a single button and you are attached to the world. It has revolutionized our economy, culture, and lifestyle. It connects you to the world through the internet, where you can check e-mail or admit the parvenu-mades. It also allows you to process and store important data and information. When you believe of computers you think of a variety of things, such as games, the internet, and e-mail. The computer in our propagation serves as a tool to educate and entertain. The technology for computers is growing rapidly, as many companies compete to advance hardware and software. Over the past years, the strife has been between apple (Macs) and IBM (PCs). While both Macs and PCs make their product to courting the needs of the consumer, they are built differently. Therefore, Apples and PCs have two different strategies when it comes to sell a product. I think the biggest differences are shown in three principal(prenominal) categories design/style, software/perfo rmance, and reliability/cost.Apple is known best for their modernistic and stylish designs. When you compare Macs and PCs side by side, you can easily give away which is which. First, Apple computers are becoming more compact in size. Their new system designs include the display (monitor) integrated with the rest of the computer. The Apples iMac is a good example of how compact their systems are becoming. The PC on the other hand, is laid out in separate components such as the display and speakers that you plug into the desktop. Second, Apple computers have a more present-day(a) look. This has proven to be a great marketing and selling strategy. This new distinctive look makes the computer more appealing to the customer. Macs came out with a variety of translucent colors such as green, blue, and orange. New Apple products are coming out with very clean-looking all white models. PCs, on the other hand, are usually sold in grey or black colors, depending upon the company you buy fr om. I think Apple mean to make their design more like an appliance, rather than a computer, which looks substance abuser friendly and consumer appealing. Third, Apples design makes it easy to set up, significance that you dont need to connect many cords to kick the bucket the system. Easy Set up is a big plus when it comes to purchasing a computer. And last of all, instead of looking like a calamity with slots, Apple has designed computers using more shape.

Conformity and Rebellion in Antigone Essay -- conflict, change, mistake

Would you rather not k like a shot conflicts in your manners? Antigone is a play, based upon conflicts between the characters. Antigone is the sister of Polynices, who is dead. Polynices is considered a traitor to Creon and he doesnt bury those who be against him. As conflicts occur, Antigone, Creon, and the Chorus argue on whether to have Polynices buried or not. Conflicts are a unavoidable part of life because of the changes that we run in to. It is appropriate to rebel and create conflict when we view in doing the right thing to do, but someone is taking the necessary tool away from us so we cant get those goals. Also, it is appropriate to set when violence gets out of hand. The changes that happen make us, the readers ameliorate individuals and once we have the conflicts solved, we wont repeat the same mistakes and past conformity is possible.It is appropriate to rebel and create conflict when you believe in doing the right thing, but somebody takes away from you the n ecessary tool from doing so. The chief(prenominal) conflict in the play between Antigone and Creon is the best example for this argument. Antigone believes that everybody deserves a proper burial. In her opinion, even if somebody is a traitor or dislikes Creons views, he or she deserves a proper burial. In this case, Creon decides that Polynices doesnt deserve a proper burial because Polynices is a traitor to him. Antigone now wants to bury Polynices and doesnt care about Creons edict. However, Ismene warns Antigone, But cypher of the dange Think what Creon will do (469). Ismene is telling Antigone that she is scared of burying Polynices nooky Creons back, because if they get caught they will be punished greatly. Ismene and everybody else in Thebes are scared of Cr... ...d how we can be better individuals from the original conflict. Choragos Is telling us if we want to be happy, we have to be intelligent. In Antigone, it is appropriate to conform when violence gets out of hand. This happens when all of Creons love ones die because of how his self-command and pride. However, it is appropriate to rebel when we believe in doing the right thing to do, but someone is taking the necessary tool away from us so we cant accomplish those goals. This happens in the play when Antigone wants to bury Polynices, but Creon is too powerful and causes fear upon all of the people of Thebes. We can require from this play that conflict is necessary in our lives, because without it we cant learn. industrial plant CitedSophocles. Antigone. Abcarian, Klotz, and Cohen, eds. Literature The Human Experience. 11th ed. Boston Bedford. 2013. Print.

Trainee Accountant Recruitment :: Essays Papers

RECRUITMENT OF TRAINEE ACCOUNTANTSFinding ways to support improvements on traditional approaches is a constant challenge to any field and hold in professionals, who must be open and receptive to change. Not being timid of change isnt enough, however accountants must be excited and motivated somewhat new ways of doing things.With the introduction of Human Resources, concourse in an system of rules have taken a new parting. Long gone were the geezerhood when an accountant is a clerk. In todays day and age, an employee is an asset for that company. They ar a major investment and companies thrive in defend their interests and schooling. Human Resources (HR) have developed and now is a full bring up field. Most companies have some sort of Human Resource management. essentially where there is hiring and firing, there is Human Resources activities involved. Whether it is a small firm or a large corporation, Recruitment and option is needed in both kind of organization. HR defines the organization objective to its employees. It makes the batch involved to be part of the organization and work towards a goal. It also enhances ones responsibilities more clearly. The ponder activities and profile will be to work towards organizational goal further at the same achieving personal objectives. Hence, in HR employees development is very important whether by relationship building or done training. All kinds of skills are taken into accounts and measure before an employee is hired. Career plans and objectiveness in life is top priority as this will determines whether the prospective employee is a good investment or not. A major role of HR is Recruitment and Selection, which will be the topic of this article. The Recruitment and Selection procedure in any organization is most important, as they are the foundation for which the company makes the decision of hiring and invests in an individual. Selection means to assume the best candidate for a particular jo b, keeping in consciousness how his goals are in tune with the organizations goals. HR has make this process of selection sophisticated and more challenging. Educational background and years of experience are no longer the only major pre-requisite. What people know is less important than who they are. Hiring, is not about finding people with the right experience. Its about finding people with the right mindset. These companies hire for office and train for skill. A mix of ten different intelligences deductive, inductive, mechanical, memory, numerical, perceptual, reasoning, spatial, verbal, and vocabulary.

Essay --

By giving restrictions on how to create knowledge from the arts and natural sciences we pin down the knowledge operable that is attainable. Ethical judgment is when we determine whether an action is morally permissive or acceptable. This evict vary across time periods and certain cultures. Therefore, we limit our learnedness of knowledge by closing ourselves off to knowledge that some societies competency be more accepting of. This pertains to natural sciences and the arts due to the particular that there will be different perceptions with what is morally acceptable towards what should be produced or not. This leads to the knowledge issue to what extent do ethical considerations limit natural science experimentation and research and the way the arts be created? In the arts, there is rarely a universal agreement with what should be considered ethical or not. However, in natural sciences, there are more universal agreements that limit the methods that carry out the production of knowledge.Considering that the arts can limit our acquisition of knowledge when it is censored due to the possible interdict outcomes it has, is it possible for a parting of art to be immoral? art itself cannot be considered moral or immoral. It is a persons find perception of what is presented before him/her that impacts their reaction and makes them decide whether the artwork is immoral or not. The spectator will see the art differently than the artist. Maybe the piece was not vulgar to the artist because he/she views it differently and creates a pattern of what they were picturing. Either way, everyone has different interpretations and impose their judgments on the artwork, which leads to them limiting the knowledge they could be accumulating. For example... ...ictly seen when we limit the way we produce it. Our way of leading us to the make out of an experiment, or fabricating an artwork, has many restrictions that we need to think through before put it out there. We also are hurt from acquiring a bring out understanding of a work by letting ourselves be influenced by others moral judgments. We keep ourselves from advancing and discovering valuable information because the stigma more or less it states that it is unethical. Art could be more valuable or enlightening if everyone kept an open mind and attempted to understand what it represented. Certain scientific experiments could prevail already solved life-threatening diseases if no one focused on the means of how it was obtained. All these ethical judgments have been limiting us on how to generate more knowledge that would benefit our future or uphold us better understand our past.

Abortion Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

The argument of abortion has been enraged since the Supreme Court case, roe vs. Wade, in 1973. This court case has change integrity the country into two factions pro-choice and pro- aliveness. Pro-life advocates argue that abortions are mutilate and extreme take aims of child abuse. time pro-choice advocates believe abortions are a justifiable means to destroy pregnancies. The pro-choice argument is that the fetus is not and a sympathetic cosmos and its rights should not override that of the brings. An importance on what defines a gentleman is very important. Is a forgiving the result of sperm fertilizing an formal? At this point of fertilization the human is composed of a undivided stall with a unique desoxyribonucleic acid structure. Killing this unique cell would be wrong, however does this single cell constitute for a person? If being human is defined by dint of having a certain level of self awareness and acknowledgment of your person, and so the fetus is no t yet a human being so aborting it would be as profligate as destroying a malignant tumour (Shrage 127). Should emphasis be laid on intelligence and awareness when interpret what a human being is? A fetus is not a form of intelligent life because it has not yet had any experience, so therefore probably hasnt had thoughts. In his essay, Rene Descartes, argues that we truly exist because we arsehole doubt our existence. He states, If I wholly stop thinking, I would completely cease to exist. In this sense of existence is it possible for an unhatched child to doubt their existenc... spontaneous abortion Ethics Essay -- essays research papers The argument of abortion has been raging since the Supreme Court case, Roe vs. Wade, in 1973. This court case has divided the country into two factions pro-choice and pro-life. Pro-life advocates argue that abortions are murder and extreme levels of child abuse. While pro-choice advocates believe abortions are a justifiable means to end pregnancies. The pro-choice argument is that the fetus is not yet a human being and its rights should not override that of the mothers. An importance on what defines a human is very important. Is a human the result of sperm fertilizing an egg? At this point of fertilization the human is composed of a single cell with a unique DNA structure. Killing this unique cell would be wrong, however does this single cell constitute for a person? If being human is defined through having a certain level of self awareness and acknowledgment of your person, then the fetus is not yet a human being so aborting it would be as immoral as destroying a malignant tumor (Shrage 127). Should emphasis be placed on intelligence and awareness when interpreting what a human being is? A fetus is not a form of intelligent life because it has not yet had any experience, so therefore probably hasnt had thoughts. In his essay, Rene Descartes, argues that we truly exist because we can doubt our existenc e. He states, If I completely stop thinking, I would completely cease to exist. In this sense of existence is it possible for an unborn child to doubt their existenc...

The Fab Four :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

The Fab Four   In high school I had quaternary teachers that were really important to my success.   High school was a good sentence for me with all my sports, music activities, and Student Council, barely it was to a fault very tough. I didnt have many friends. Also, I worried so much virtually school and getting the grade, that I often felt very stressed. I excessively went through a period of a yoke years when I was pretty depressed. These four teachers swear outed me through my difficult quantify mostly by just being there to listen. I also loved their classes, exclusively I think that more than anything they influenced me because I like them as people and knew they believed in me. I truly believe that if a student likes a teacher, feels a connection with them, and can develop a relationship, they will be much more interested in the bodily and will care more and do better.   The first two of these teachers, Mr. Oftedahl and Mr. Vepraskas (Mr. O and Mr. V), were my band and choir directors. What amazing people I love music and often times use music as a piss of escape or healing in the rough times. Mr. O and Mr. V were always there to listen to me and offer what comfort they could. I could emit to them as real people, on an adult level. They didnt treat me as a kid with just kid problems. They were very sincere when talking to me and were also very talented musicians. Even though they were my teachers, I know I can talk to them and that they are more than my teachers - they are my friends. Their friendship and outdoors door was what I needed most at that time in my life.   The other two high school teachers who were influential were helpful in the same ways as Mr. O and Mr. V, always willing to listen, but they were more. Because of these two teachers, I not only knew that I wanted to teach, but they helped me realize what I wanted to teach.   Señorita Brown was my Spanish teacher my freshman and sophomore years. I fell in love with Spanish when I started taking it in 7th grade with the dream of someday traveling to Spain. Señorita Brown helped me to realize that not only did I love Spanish, but that I was gifted in the language and could help others.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases :: Essays Papers

Sexually Transmitted DiseasesPerhaps the most prominently clashing put in the world is where the worlds tiptop power lays beside a depressed country. The United States and Mexico has formed a very unique abut culture where opposites must live together. The border stretching nearly ii thousand miles is increasing in growth causing the already public problems of drought, unemployment, pollution and peso devaluation only to engrave themselves deeper into Mexican culture. Now sexually genic diseases have added to the complicated web along the border. Sexually genic diseases ar a threat that faces women of any ethnicity. Even with the increasing design of the various forms of contraception, venereal diseases are still abundant. In the United States, sentiency programs implemented in schools and health clinics have produced an increase in having saved sex and therefore a decrease in sexually transmitted diseases. The success has been phenomenal and it has been proven that education is the key for a healthy population. Unfortunately, Mexico has taken nearly the opposite effect. Faced with economic depression, Mexican women are battling teen pregnancy, venereal diseases and HIV infection at an alarmingly higher(prenominal) rate than the U.S. Mexican women have a lack of resources to help them witness the diseases, sexual awareness programs are scarce and ignorance is to blame. Ultimately, it narrows on two causes the situation that Mexico is poverty-stricken and the cultural beliefs concerning condom use and family planning. The epitome of the American super power versus Mexicans depressant state is the formation of the maquiladoras in Mexico. Maquiladoras are American owned plants that depend on the nimble fingers for quick assembly of parts that are shipped back to the U.S. (Carnegie Corporation 2). Parts such as toys, sunglasses, garage door openers are assembled daily. It is advantageous for the U.S. because tiny, cumbersome, tedious b reak is accomplished by cheap labor. It can be argued that it is advantageous for Mexico as well in the sense that it provides thousands of jobs, but women in the maquilas are sexually harassed, depressed and taken advantaged of. While this report does not focus on the maquiladoras, their behavior must be examined because it is these factories that define and represent the border. Generally, maquila workers have little education, averaging a total of 7.3 schooling years, a low income, averaging $1.